The New England Journal of Statistics in Data Science

The supersaturated design is often used to discover important factors in an experiment with a large number of factors and a small number of runs. We propose a method for constructing supersaturated designs with small coherence. Such designs are useful for variable selection methods such as the Lasso. Examples are provided to illustrate the proposed method.

Traditionally, research in nutritional epidemiology has focused on specific foods/food groups or single nutrients in their relation with disease outcomes, including cancer. Dietary pattern analysis have been introduced to examine potential cumulative and interactive effects of individual dietary components of the overall diet, in which foods are consumed in combination. Dietary patterns can be identified by using evidence-based investigator-defined approaches or by using data-driven approaches, which rely on either response independent (also named “a posteriori” dietary patterns) or response dependent (also named “mixed-type” dietary patterns) multivariate statistical methods. Within the open methodological challenges related to study design, dietary assessment, identification of dietary patterns, confounding phenomena, and cancer risk assessment, the current paper provides an updated landscape review of novel methodological developments in the statistical analysis of a posteriori/mixed-type dietary patterns and cancer risk. The review starts from standard a posteriori dietary patterns from principal component, factor, and cluster analyses, including mixture models, and examines mixed-type dietary patterns from reduced rank regression, partial least squares, classification and regression tree analysis, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. Novel statistical approaches reviewed include Bayesian factor analysis with modeling of sparsity through shrinkage and sparse priors and frequentist focused principal component analysis. Most novelties relate to the reproducibility of dietary patterns across studies where potentialities of the Bayesian approach to factor and cluster analysis work at best.

In online experimentation, appropriate metrics (e.g., purchase) provide strong evidence to support hypotheses and enhance the decision-making process. However, incomplete metrics are frequently occurred in the online experimentation, making the available data to be much fewer than the planned online experiments (e.g., A/B testing). In this work, we introduce the concept of dropout buyers and categorize users with incomplete metric values into two groups: visitors and dropout buyers. For the analysis of incomplete metrics, we propose a clustering-based imputation method using k-nearest neighbors. Our proposed imputation method considers both the experiment-specific features and users’ activities along their shopping paths, allowing different imputation values for different users. To facilitate efficient imputation of large-scale data sets in online experimentation, the proposed method uses a combination of stratification and clustering. The performance of the proposed method is compared to several conventional methods in both simulation studies and a real online experiment at eBay.

Master protocol is a type of trial designs where multiple therapies and/or multiple disease populations can be investigated in the same trial. A shared control can be used for multiple therapies to gain operational efficiency and gain attraction to patients. To balance between controlling for false positive rate and having adequate power for detecting true signals, the impact of False Discovery Rate (FDR) is evaluated when multiple investigational drugs are studied in the master protocol. With the shared control group, the “random high” or “random low” in the control group can potentially impact all hypotheses testing that compare each of the test regimens and the control group in terms of probability of having at least one positive hypothesis outcome, or multiple positive outcomes. When regulatory agencies make the decision of approving or declining one or more regimens based on the master protocol design, this introduces a different type of error: simultaneous false-decision error. In this manuscript, we examine in detail the derivations and properties of the simultaneous false-decision error in the master protocol with shared control under the framework of FDR. The simultaneous false-decision error consists of two parts: simultaneous false-discovery rate (SFDR) and simultaneous false non-discovery rate (SFNR). Based on our analytical evaluation and simulations, the magnitude of SFDR and SFNR inflation is small. Therefore, the multiple error rate controls are generally adequate, further adjustment to a pre-specified level on SFDR or SFNR or reduce the alpha allocated to each individual treatment comparison to the shared control is deemed unnecessary.

Community detection in networks is the process by which unusually well-connected sub-networks are identified–a central component of many applied network analyses. The paradigm of modularity quality function optimization stipulates a partition of the network’s vertexes that maximizes the difference between the fraction of edges within communities and the corresponding expected fraction if edges were randomly allocated among all vertex pairs while conserving the degree distribution. The modularity quality function incorporates exclusively the network’s topology and has been extensively studied whereas the integration of constraints or external information on community composition has largely remained unexplored. We define a greedy, recursive-backtracking search procedure to identify the constitution of high-quality network communities that satisfy the global constraint that each community be comprised of at least one vertex among a set of so-called special vertexes and apply our methodology to identifying health care communities (HCCs) within a network of hospitals such that each HCC consists of at least one hospital wherein at least a minimum number of cardiac defibrillator surgeries were performed. This restriction permits meaningful comparisons in cardiac care among the resulting health care communities by standardizing the distribution of cardiac care across the hospital network.

In the interest of business innovation, social network companies often carry out experiments to test product changes and new ideas. In such experiments, users are typically assigned to one of two experimental conditions with some outcome of interest observed and compared. In this setting, the outcome of one user may be influenced by not only the condition to which they are assigned but also the conditions of other users via their network connections. This challenges classical experimental design and analysis methodologies and requires specialized methods. We introduce the general additive network effect (GANE) model, which encompasses many existing outcome models in the literature under a unified model-based framework. The model is both interpretable and flexible in modeling the treatment effect as well as the network influence. We show that (quasi) maximum likelihood estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal for a family of model specifications. Quantities of interest such as the global treatment effect are defined and expressed as functions of the GANE model parameters, and hence inference can be carried out using likelihood theory. We further propose the “power-degree” (POW-DEG) specification of the GANE model. The performance of POW-DEG and other specifications of the GANE model are investigated via simulations. Under model misspecification, the POW-DEG specification appears to work well. Finally, we study the characteristics of good experimental designs for the POW-DEG specification. We find that graph-cluster randomization and balanced designs are not necessarily optimal for precise estimation of the global treatment effect, indicating the need for alternative design strategies.

Data matrix centering is an ever-present yet under-examined aspect of data analysis. Functional data analysis (FDA) often operates with a default of centering such that the vectors in one dimension have mean zero. We find that centering along the other dimension identifies a novel useful mode of variation beyond those familiar in FDA. We explore ambiguities in both matrix orientation and nomenclature. Differences between centerings and their potential interaction can be easily misunderstood. We propose a unified framework and new terminology for centering operations. We clearly demonstrate the intuition behind and consequences of each centering choice with informative graphics. We also propose a new direction energy hypothesis test as part of a series of diagnostics for determining which choice of centering is best for a data set. We explore the application of these diagnostics in several FDA settings.

Systems with both quantitative and qualitative responses are widely encountered in many applications. Design of experiment methods are needed when experiments are conducted to study such systems. Classic experimental design methods are unsuitable here because they often focus on one type of response. In this paper, we develop a Bayesian D-optimal design method for experiments with one continuous and one binary response. Both noninformative and conjugate informative prior distributions on the unknown parameters are considered. The proposed design criterion has meaningful interpretations regarding the D-optimality for the models for both types of responses. An efficient point-exchange search algorithm is developed to construct the local D-optimal designs for given parameter values. Global D-optimal designs are obtained by accumulating the frequencies of the design points in local D-optimal designs, where the parameters are sampled from the prior distributions. The performances of the proposed methods are evaluated through two examples.

In addition to scientific questions, clinical trialists often explore or require other design features, such as increasing the power while controlling the type I error rate, minimizing unnecessary exposure to inferior treatments, and comparing multiple treatments in one clinical trial. We propose implementing adaptive seamless design (ASD) with response adaptive randomization (RAR) to satisfy various clinical trials’ design objectives. However, the combination of ASD and RAR poses a challenge in controlling the type I error rate. In this paper, we investigated how to utilize the advantages of the two adaptive methods and control the type I error rate. We offered the theoretical foundation for this procedure. Numerical studies demonstrated that our methods could achieve efficient and ethical objectives while controlling the type I error rate.